Some practical tips:

• At move-in, take photos of meter readings (electricity, gas, water) together with the landlord.

• Ask clearly: “Are utilities included, fixed, or by consumption?” and write it down.

• Keep records of every payment (bank statements, confirmations).

• Use heating, air conditioning and hot water reasonably.

• If you do not understand a charge, ask the landlord for a detailed explanation or breakdown.

• Report any leaks, strange noises, or problems (with radiators, water, electricity) as soon as you notice them.